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Gaeumannomyces fusiformis Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 35 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816895.

Morphological description: On MEA, mycelium consisting of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline to brown, 1.5–5 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores erect, simple or branched sometimes reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal or intercalary, hyaline, cylindrical, straight to curved, 5–28 × 1.5–5 μm, with a cylindrical, refractive collarette, up to 2.5 μm, 1–2 μm diam. Conidia fusiform, tapering at the base, hyaline, 5–9.5 × 1–2.5 μm. Hyphopodia not observed (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016).

Culture characteristics: After 7 d at 25 °C: On PDA reaching 90 mm diam, aerial mycelium cottony, white, submerged mycelium rhizoid, hazel, margin rhizoid; reverse pale isabelline. On MEA reaching 60 mm diam, cottony, aerial mycelium moderate, white to grey, margin effuse; reverse umber in the centre, paler to the periphery. On OA reaching 90 mm diam, aerial mycelium scarce to moderate, cottony to funiculose, white, submerged mycelium olivaceous; reverse isabelline (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016).

Specimen examined: USA, Arkansas, isolated from Oryza sativa, 1992, C. Rothrock G-8 (holotype, CBSH-22578; culture ex-type, CBS141379 = CPC26068) (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016).

Hosts/substrates: from Oryza sativa (rice).

References:
Hernández-Restrepo M, Groenewald JZ, Elliott ML, Canning G, McMillan VE, Crous PW. 2016. Take-all or nothing. Studies in Mycology 83:19–48.

Geographical distribution: USA, Arkansas.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces floridanus Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 34 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816894.

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to brown, smooth, 1.7–5 μm diam. Conidiophores branched, hyaline to light brown. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 7–14.5 × 2–3.5 μm, with an inconspicuous collarette, up to 2.5 μm long, 1–2 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid or fusiform, slightly to strongly curved, hyaline, 5–11 × 1–1.5 μm. Hyphopodia lobed, hyaline to brown, 18–27 × 14.5–26.5 μm. Sexual state unknown.

Colonies on PDA 8.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; aerial mycelium scarce, white; submerged mycelium greyish sepia; margin diffuse; reverse greyish sepia. Colonies on MEA 7 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; aerial mycelium cottony, white; submerged mycelium mouse grey; margin diffuse; reverse fuscous; Colonies on OA 8.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, aerial mycelium moderate, mouse grey; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse mouse grey, olivaceous grey, colourless to periphery (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22577. Ex-holotype culture CBS141378 (CPC26037).

Gene sequences: KX306491 (ITS), KX306561 (28S), KX306626 (RPB1), KX306693 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Stenotaphrum secundatum (Poaceae).

Distribution: USA.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces ellisiorum Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 33 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816893.

Ascomata perithecial, immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, 300–400 µm diam, with a cylindrical, dark brown to black neck, 150–180 µm long, up to 80 µm diam. Paraphyses septate, hyaline, dissolving at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, 140–180 × 10–14 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform to fusiform, not or slightly curved, 7–8-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth, (80–)120–150 (–155) × 2–3 µm. Asexual state unknown. Hyphopodia lobed, brown, 18–27 × 15–20 μm. (Description from Walker, 1980).

Typification: Holotype C, P. Larsen, 5 Jul. 1937. Isotype DAR32062.

Gene sequences: Unknown.

Hosts/substrates: On leaves of Carex paniculate (Cyperaceae).

Distribution: Austria, Denmark, UK.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces californicus Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 33 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816892.

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to brown, smooth, 1.5–4.5 μm diam. Conidiophores branched, verticillate. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 4.5–24 × 1.5–4 μm, with a cylindrical to conical, refractive collarette, up to 2.5 μm long, 1–2 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid or fusiform, hyaline, 4–11 × 1–1.5 μm. Hyphopodia lobed, hyaline to brown, 25–32.5 × 24–30 μm. Sexual state unknown.

Colonies on PDA 8.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, flat; aerial mycelium scarce, cottony, white; submerged mycelium grey olivaceous; margin diffuse, uneven, reverse smoke grey. Colonies on MEA 8.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; aerial mycelium cottony to funiculose, white; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse olivaceous. Colonies on OA 8.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, aerial cottony to funiculose, white; submerged mycelium olivaceous black; margin diffuse; reverse olivaceous (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22574. Ex-holotype culture CBS141377.

Gene sequences: KX306490 (ITS), KX306560 (28S), KX306625 (RPB1), KX306691 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Stenotaphrum secundatum (Poaceae).

Distribution: USA.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces amomi Bussaban, Lumyong, P. Lumyong, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 73(3-4): 488 (2001).
MycoBank: MB374849.

Ascomata perithecial, superficial, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, olivaceous black, 500–650 × 300–400 µm, with a cylindrical neck. Paraphyses septate, hyaline, 87–140 × 2–3 µm. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, 100–130 × 12.5–15 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform to fusiform, slightly curved, 3–6-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline, smooth, 70–100 × 4–5 µm. Asexual state unknown.

Colonies on PDA and CMA 9 cm diam after 7 days at 22 °C; surface greenish olivaceous; aerial mycelium dense or sparse (Description from Bussaban et al., 2001).

Typification: Holotype CMUZE0002 (BCC4066).

Gene sequences: DQ341472 (18S), AY265318 (ITS), DQ341493 (28S), KX306679 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On leaves of Amomum siamense and Alpinia malaccensis (Zingiberaceae).

Distribution: Thailand.

Notes: This is the only species of Gaeumannomyces associated with Zingiberaceae.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces avenae (E.M. Turner) Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 15 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816891.
        ≡ Ophiobolus graminis var. avenae E.M. Turner, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 24: 279. 1941 [1940].
        = Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae (E.M. Turner) Dennis, British Cup Fungi & their Allies: 202. 1960.

Ascomata perithecial, immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, 300–500 × 250–400 µm diam, with a cylindrical, dark brown to black neck. Paraphyses septate, hyaline, dissolving at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, 115–145 × 12–16 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform to fusiform, not or slightly curved, 3–7-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth, (85–)100–125 (–130) × 2.5–3.5 µm. Asexual state unknown (Description from Walker, 1973a).

Typification: Neotype DAR32104. Epitype CBSH-22587. Ex-epitype culture CPC26258.

Gene sequences: JX134655 (18S), JX134668 (ITS), JX134680 (28S), JX134708 (MCM7), JX134722 (RPB1), JX134694 (TEF1).

Genome sequences: SRX798620 (transcriptome).

Hosts/substrates: On Avena and Agrostis (Poaceae).

Distribution: Worldwide.

Notes: Turner (1940) firstly described the oat take-all and whitehead fungus in Wales as Ophiobolus graminis var. avenae (synonym Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae). It is characterized by having the largest ascospores among varieties of G. graminis, simple hyphopodia, and habitat on Avena, Agrostis and other Poaceae (Walker, 1972, 1973a; Yao et al., 1992). Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016) raised the variety to species.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces australiensis Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 29 (2016).

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to light brown, smooth, 1–4 μm diam. Conidiophores simple, branched or sparsely branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 6.5–27.5 × 1.5–3 μm, with a cylindrical to conical, refractive collarette, up to 2.5 μm long, 1–2 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid, hyaline, 5–11 × 1–1.5 μm. Hyphopodia lobed, hyaline to brown, 18.5–25 × 21.5–23 μm.

Colonies on PDA 6.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface flat; aerial mycelium scarce, white; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, uneven. Colonies on MEA 6 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; aerial mycelium cottony, light greenish grey; submerged mycelium black; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse center fuscous periphery amber white to white; colonies on OA 5.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, aerial mycelium scarce, white; submerged mycelium dark, smoke grey; margin diffuse; reverse light olivaceous grey (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22581. Ex-holotype culture CBS141387 (CPC26058).

Gene sequences: KX306480 (ITS), KX306550 (28S), KX306619 (RPB1), KX306683 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Triticum aestivum (Poaceae).

Distribution: Australia.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces arxii Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 29 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816890.

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to light brown, smooth, 1–5 μm diam. Conidiophores simple, branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 6–23 × 2–5 μm, with a cylindrical to conical, refractive collarette, up to 3 μm long, 1.5–3.5 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid, hyaline, 4–10 × 1–2 μm.

Colonies on PDA 7.2 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface grey olivaceous or greyish sepia; aerial mycelium scarce, white; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse light olivaceous to white greyish. Colonies on MEA 6.4 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface elevated or flat, cottony, funiculose to velvety; aerial mycelium white; submerged mycelium black; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse center dark or white, white to periphery; colonies on OA 7 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, glabrous, white to colorless; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, with uneven zones; reverse white to colorless (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22573. Ex-holotype culture CBS903.73.

Gene sequences: KM484837 (ITS), KM484954 (28S), KM485053 (RPB1), KX306681 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), and Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) (Poaceae).

Distribution: Australia, USA.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria longirostrum (NYBG01050489). A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci. E–F. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C–F = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria longirostrum Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1946 (1989).
MycoBank: MB136212.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, gregarious, brown to orange brown, globose to subglobose, 200–450 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical, neck, 1900–3700 × 110–170 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 100–125 × 9–12 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in the ascus, curved, hyaline to yellowish, filiform to fusiform, 4–8-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth, 85–110 × 3–5 µm.

Specimens examined: Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Shannon Creek, from submerged twig, Mar. 1981, C.A. Shearer, CS-656-1 (holotype, NYBG01050487, NYBG01050488, NYBG01050489, NYBG03380685, NYBG03380686; ex-type culture, ATCC52674).

Hosts/substrates: from submerged twig.

References:
Shearer CA. 1989. Pseudohalonectria (Lasiosphaeriaceae), an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7):1944–1955.

Geographical distribution: Panama, Barro Colorado Island.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria halophila (NYBG01050486). A. Ascomatum. B. Asci. C–E. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B–E = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria halophila Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 48(4): 310 (2005).
MycoBank: MB357071.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, solitary, orange brown, globose to subglobose, 100–200 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical neck, 120–400 × 25–65 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 85–115 × 13–20 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores 1–3-seriate in the ascus, not or slightly curved, hyaline to yellowish, ellipsoidal, 5–7-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth, 35–43.5 × 8–10 µm.

Specimens examined: USA, North Carolina, Carteret County, Broad Creek, from debris of Juncus roemerianus, 9 Oct. 2003, J. Kohlmeyer and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 5761 (isotype, NYBG01050485, NYBG01050486); ibid., 1 Sept. 2000, J. Kohlmeyer and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 5673 (paratype, NYBG01349491).

Hosts/substrates: from debris of Juncus roemerianus.

References:
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Tsui CKM. 2005. Fungi on Juncus roemerianus. 17. New ascomycetes and the hyphomycete genus Kolletes gen. nov. Botanica Marina. 48(4):306–317.

Geographical distribution: USA, North Carolina.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.