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Gaeumannomyces avenae (E.M. Turner) Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 15 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816891.
        ≡ Ophiobolus graminis var. avenae E.M. Turner, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 24: 279. 1941 [1940].
        = Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae (E.M. Turner) Dennis, British Cup Fungi & their Allies: 202. 1960.

Ascomata perithecial, immersed, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, 300–500 × 250–400 µm diam, with a cylindrical, dark brown to black neck. Paraphyses septate, hyaline, dissolving at maturity. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, 115–145 × 12–16 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform to fusiform, not or slightly curved, 3–7-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth, (85–)100–125 (–130) × 2.5–3.5 µm. Asexual state unknown (Description from Walker, 1973a).

Typification: Neotype DAR32104. Epitype CBSH-22587. Ex-epitype culture CPC26258.

Gene sequences: JX134655 (18S), JX134668 (ITS), JX134680 (28S), JX134708 (MCM7), JX134722 (RPB1), JX134694 (TEF1).

Genome sequences: SRX798620 (transcriptome).

Hosts/substrates: On Avena and Agrostis (Poaceae).

Distribution: Worldwide.

Notes: Turner (1940) firstly described the oat take-all and whitehead fungus in Wales as Ophiobolus graminis var. avenae (synonym Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae). It is characterized by having the largest ascospores among varieties of G. graminis, simple hyphopodia, and habitat on Avena, Agrostis and other Poaceae (Walker, 1972, 1973a; Yao et al., 1992). Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016) raised the variety to species.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces australiensis Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 29 (2016).

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to light brown, smooth, 1–4 μm diam. Conidiophores simple, branched or sparsely branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 6.5–27.5 × 1.5–3 μm, with a cylindrical to conical, refractive collarette, up to 2.5 μm long, 1–2 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid, hyaline, 5–11 × 1–1.5 μm. Hyphopodia lobed, hyaline to brown, 18.5–25 × 21.5–23 μm.

Colonies on PDA 6.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface flat; aerial mycelium scarce, white; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, uneven. Colonies on MEA 6 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; aerial mycelium cottony, light greenish grey; submerged mycelium black; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse center fuscous periphery amber white to white; colonies on OA 5.5 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, aerial mycelium scarce, white; submerged mycelium dark, smoke grey; margin diffuse; reverse light olivaceous grey (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22581. Ex-holotype culture CBS141387 (CPC26058).

Gene sequences: KX306480 (ITS), KX306550 (28S), KX306619 (RPB1), KX306683 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Triticum aestivum (Poaceae).

Distribution: Australia.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Gaeumannomyces arxii Hern.-Restr. & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 83: 29 (2016).
MycoBank: MB816890.

Asexual state phialophora-like. On MEA, hyphae branched, septate, hyaline to light brown, smooth, 1–5 μm diam. Conidiophores simple, branched. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, terminal to intercalary, solitary or grouped, cylindrical to lageniform, straight or curved, hyaline to light brown, 6–23 × 2–5 μm, with a cylindrical to conical, refractive collarette, up to 3 μm long, 1.5–3.5 μm wide. Conidia lunate, allantoid, hyaline, 4–10 × 1–2 μm.

Colonies on PDA 7.2 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface grey olivaceous or greyish sepia; aerial mycelium scarce, white; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse light olivaceous to white greyish. Colonies on MEA 6.4 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C; surface elevated or flat, cottony, funiculose to velvety; aerial mycelium white; submerged mycelium black; margin diffuse, uneven; reverse center dark or white, white to periphery; colonies on OA 7 cm diam after 7 days at 25 °C, glabrous, white to colorless; submerged mycelium dark; margin diffuse, with uneven zones; reverse white to colorless (Description from Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Typification: Holotype CBSH-22573. Ex-holotype culture CBS903.73.

Gene sequences: KM484837 (ITS), KM484954 (28S), KM485053 (RPB1), KX306681 (TEF1).

Hosts/substrates: On Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), and Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) (Poaceae).

Distribution: Australia, USA.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria longirostrum (NYBG01050489). A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci. E–F. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C–F = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria longirostrum Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1946 (1989).
MycoBank: MB136212.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, gregarious, brown to orange brown, globose to subglobose, 200–450 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical, neck, 1900–3700 × 110–170 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 100–125 × 9–12 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in the ascus, curved, hyaline to yellowish, filiform to fusiform, 4–8-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth, 85–110 × 3–5 µm.

Specimens examined: Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Shannon Creek, from submerged twig, Mar. 1981, C.A. Shearer, CS-656-1 (holotype, NYBG01050487, NYBG01050488, NYBG01050489, NYBG03380685, NYBG03380686; ex-type culture, ATCC52674).

Hosts/substrates: from submerged twig.

References:
Shearer CA. 1989. Pseudohalonectria (Lasiosphaeriaceae), an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7):1944–1955.

Geographical distribution: Panama, Barro Colorado Island.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria halophila (NYBG01050486). A. Ascomatum. B. Asci. C–E. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B–E = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria halophila Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Bot. Mar. 48(4): 310 (2005).
MycoBank: MB357071.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, solitary, orange brown, globose to subglobose, 100–200 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical neck, 120–400 × 25–65 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 85–115 × 13–20 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores 1–3-seriate in the ascus, not or slightly curved, hyaline to yellowish, ellipsoidal, 5–7-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth, 35–43.5 × 8–10 µm.

Specimens examined: USA, North Carolina, Carteret County, Broad Creek, from debris of Juncus roemerianus, 9 Oct. 2003, J. Kohlmeyer and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 5761 (isotype, NYBG01050485, NYBG01050486); ibid., 1 Sept. 2000, J. Kohlmeyer and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 5673 (paratype, NYBG01349491).

Hosts/substrates: from debris of Juncus roemerianus.

References:
Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Tsui CKM. 2005. Fungi on Juncus roemerianus. 17. New ascomycetes and the hyphomycete genus Kolletes gen. nov. Botanica Marina. 48(4):306–317.

Geographical distribution: USA, North Carolina.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria falcata (NYBG01050484). A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci. E–F. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 200 µm; C–F = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria falcata Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1945 (1989).
MycoBank: MB136211.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, gregarious, brown to orange brown, globose to subglobose, 280–550 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical, neck, 85–225 × 80–125 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 160–200 × 20–27 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in the ascus, curved, hyaline to yellowish, falcate, 6–10-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth, 100–170 × 5–7.5 µm.

Specimens examined: USA, Illinois, Cass County, Beardstown, from submerged twig, 07 Nov. 1987, C.A. Shearer, CS-617-2 (holotype, NYBG01050484, NYBG03380668, NYBG01050483); ibid., Mason County, Quiver Creek, 07 Nov. 1987, C.A. Shearer, CS-617-1 (NYBG03380667).

Hosts/substrates: form submerged Phragmites sp. and other woody debris.

References:
Shearer CA. 1989. Pseudohalonectria (Lasiosphaeriaceae), an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7):1944–1955.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria adversaria (NYBG01050482). A–B. Ascomata. C–E. Asci. F–I. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 200 µm; C–I = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria adversaria Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1945 (1989).
MycoBank: MB136210.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, superficial to submerged, solitary to gregarious, brown to orange brown, globose to subglobose, 450–650 µm in diam, with an orange brown, cylindrical, neck, 85–250 × 100–150 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 110–145 × 13–18 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores 3–4-seriate in the ascus, not or slightly curved, hyaline, yellowish to orange, ellipsoid, 5–6-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth, 35–47 × 4.5–7 µm.

Specimens examined: USA, Illinois, Johnson County, Deer Pond, Elvira Cypress Swamp, from submerged woody debris, 08 Aug. 1977, C.A. Shearer, CS-603-1 (holotype, NYBG01050482, NYBG03380666; isotype, NYBG01050481; ex-type culture, ATCC56670).

Hosts/substrates: from submerged Machilus sp. and other woody debris.

References:
Shearer CA. 1989. Pseudohalonectria (Lasiosphaeriaceae), an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7):1944–1955.

Geographical distribution: China, Hong Kong. USA, Illinois.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Ophioceras venezuelense (ILLS00000553). A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci. E–F. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 200 µm; C–F = 10 µm.

Ophioceras venezuelense Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 151 (1999).
MycoBank: MB450701.

Ascomata perithecial, superficial to submerged, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, black, 750–900 µm diam, with a cylindrical, black neck, 300–800 × 90–135 µm. Paraphyses unbranched, septate, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, 135–170 × 10–14.5 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform, slightly curved, 4–6-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth, 130–150 × 2–4 µm. Asexual state unknown.

Typification: Holotype ILLS553. Paratypes ILLS550, ILLS551, ILLS552.

Gene sequences: Unknown.

Specimens examined: Venezuela, Portuguesa, Guanare, on submerged decorticated wood, 16 Jan. 1993, J.L. Crane, J.D. Schoknecht and D.C. Taphorn, A-109-1, 57437 (ILLS553); ibid., on submerged wood, 26 Jan. 1993, J.L. Crane, J.D. Schoknecht and D.C. Taphorn, A-109-4, 57435 (ILLS551); ibid., on submerged herbaceous debris, 16 Jan. 1993, J.L. Crane, J.D. Schoknecht and D.C. Taphorn, A-109-5, 57434 (ILLS550); ibid., Estado Tachira, on submerged wood, 26 Jan. 1993, J.L. Crane, J.D. Schoknecht and D.C. Taphorn, A-109-3, 57436 (ILLS552).

Hosts/substrates: On submerged wood and herbaceous debris.

Distribution: Venezuela (Portuguesa).

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Ophioceras tenuisporum (ILLS00000549). A–B. Ascomata. C–D. Asci. E–F. Ascospores. Scale bars: A–B = 500 µm; C–F = 10 µm.

Ophioceras tenuisporum Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 149 (1999).
MycoBank: MB450668.

Ascomata perithecial, superficial to submerged, solitary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, black, 450–700 µm diam, with a cylindrical, black neck, 5000–20000 × 70–130 µm. Paraphyses unbranched, septate, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, 85–110 × 3.5–5.5 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores parallel in ascus, filiform to fusiform, slightly curved, 3-septate, not constricted at septum, hyaline to yellow, smooth, 70–95 × 1–2 µm. Asexual state unknown.

Typification: Holotype ILLS549. Ex-holotype culture ATCC56671.

Gene sequences: Unknown.

Specimens examined: Panama, Barro Colorado Island, Allee Creek, from a submerged twig, Mar. 1981, C.K. Augspurger, CS-652-1 (57433, ILLS549, culture ATCC56671).

Hosts/substrates: On submerged wood.

Distribution: Panama (Barro Colorado Island).

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.

Figure. Pseudohalonectria lutea (NYBG01050480). A. Ascomatum. B–C. Asci. D–G. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 20 µm; B–G = 10 µm.

Pseudohalonectria lutea Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1950 (1989).
MycoBank: MB136213.

Morphological description: Ascomata perithecial, submerged, gregarious, orange brown, globose to subglobose, 230–530 µm in diam, with an orange brown to yellow brown, cylindrical, neck, 350–600 × 95–170 µm. Paraphyses hyaline, septate. Asci unitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 120–175 × 14–17.5 µm, with a refractive ring. Ascospores 3–4-seriate in the ascus, curved, hyaline to yellowish, fusiform, 5-septate, not constricted at the septum, smooth, 60–85 × 5.5–8 µm.

Specimens examined: Chile, small stream at Esteros Llanquehue, Region X., from submerged wood, 26 Jun. 1984, C.A. Shearer, CS-744-1A (holotype, NYBG01050490, NYBG01050491; ex-type culture, ATCC66339); USA, Wisconsin, Vilas, Allequash Lake, on submerged decomposed twigs of Quercus sp., 09 Aug.1994, J.L. Crane and P.M. Fallah, P4-3, 54022 (ILLS00160415); ibid., 25 Oct. 1996, J.L. Crane and P.M. Fallah, P4-29, 54023 (ILLS00160414).

Hosts/substrates: from submerged Quercus sp. and other wood.

References:
Shearer CA. 1989. Pseudohalonectria (Lasiosphaeriaceae), an antagonistic genus from wood in freshwater. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67(7):1944–1955.

Geographical distribution: Chile. USA, Wisconsin.

Copyright 2022 by The American Phytopathological Society. Reproduced, by permission, from Luo, J., and Zhang, N. 2022. The Rice Blast Fungus and Allied Species: A Monograph of the Fungal Order Magnaporthales (https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=46826). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.